August 30, 2024 –
Thank you to West Ridge Animal Hospital for guest writing this blog, as part of our monthly Business Partner Program. Learn more about West Ridge Animal Hospital here.
Understanding Canine Leptospirosis: What Every Dog Owner Should Know
When it comes to our furry friends, keeping them healthy and safe is always a top priority. One of the
lesser-known but serious diseases that can affect dogs is leptospirosis. Here’s a comprehensive look at
what you need to know about this potentially dangerous condition, including its causes, symptoms,
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
What is Canine Leptospirosis?
Canine leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by various strains of Leptospira bacteria that can affect
dogs and other animals, including humans. These bacteria can be found in soil, water, and mud
contaminated by the urine of infected animals, such as wildlife and livestock. The disease can affect
various organs in dogs, particularly the liver and kidneys, and can be severe or even life-threatening if no
addressed promptly.
How Do Dogs Get Leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis is primarily spread through contact with urine from infected animals, which can be found in
contaminated water sources, mud, or soil. Dogs are at higher risk if they frequently explore areas where
wildlife or livestock might have been, such as ponds, rivers, or even puddles.
How Do Dogs Get It?
Dogs typically contract leptospirosis through:
● Direct Contact: With the urine of infected animals.
● Contaminated Water: Drinking or swimming in contaminated water sources.
● Mud or Soil: Where infected urine has been deposited.
Recognizing the Symptoms
Be vigilant for symptoms of leptospirosis, which can range from mild flu-like signs to severe illness with
kidney or liver failure:
● Early Symptoms: Fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea.
● Advanced Symptoms: Jaundice (yellowing of the gums, skin and eyes), increased thirst and
urination, abdominal pain, muscle pain, and changes in behavior.
● Severe Symptoms: Bleeding disorders or signs of kidney or liver damage, which can be fatal if
not treated effectively.
If you notice any of these symptoms or suspect your dog may have been exposed to potential sources of
leptospirosis, it’s crucial to consult a veterinarian immediately.
Diagnosing Leptospirosis
If you suspect leptospirosis visit your veterinarian where they will perform a physical examination and ask
about your dog’s exposure history to determine if further testing is indicated.
Diagnostics for leptospirosis typically involves:
● Blood Chemistry: To evaluate liver and kidney parameters. If evidence of azotemia (elevated
kidney values) or hepatopathy (elevated liver enzymes) is noted, further testing will be
recommended
● Complete Blood Count: To evaluate red blood cells for evidence of bleeding disorders, white
blood cells for evidence of infection and platelets for abnormalities in clotting. Additional clotting
tests (PT/PTT) may be recommended based on results.
● Urine Tests (PCR or Culture): To check for bacteria to detect specific antibodies against
Leptospira or the bacteria itself.
● Blood Tests (Serology or PCR): To confirm exposure by detecting specific antibodies against
Leptospira or DNA to identify the specific serovar of the bacteria involved.
Treating Leptospirosis
If your dog is diagnosed with leptospirosis, treatment will generally involve:
● Antibiotics: Such as doxycycline or penicillin, administered for several weeks to combat the
infection.
● Supportive Care: Including fluids to manage dehydration, medications to control symptoms, and
monitoring of kidney and liver function.
● Rest and Recovery: Ensuring your dog gets adequate rest and follow-up care to support their
recovery.
● Isolation: Keep your dog isolated from other animals, and avoid contact with humans who may
be at risk (especially young children, elderly individuals, or those with weakened immune
systems). Use gloves when handling your dog’s urine or feces to minimize the risk of
transmission.
● Hospitalization: Severe cases may require more intensive care and monitoring.
Prompt treatment is crucial for a better prognosis and to prevent serious complications.
Prevention Strategies for Leptospirosis
Prevention is key to protecting your dog from leptospirosis:
● Vaccination: There is a vaccine available that can protect against several common serovars of
Leptospira. Discuss with your vet whether this vaccine is appropriate for your dog, especially if
they are exposed to higher-risk environments.
● Avoiding Risk Areas: Limiting your dog’s access to stagnant water and muddy areas,
particularly in regions frequented by wildlife or known for leptospirosis outbreaks.
● Maintain Hygiene: Regularly clean your dog’s living area and avoid exposure to potentially
contaminated environments.
Why It Matters
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease meaning it can infect humans through contact with infected animals or
contaminated environments. Those at higher risk include people who work outdoors, in agriculture, or with
animals, as well as those who engage in recreational activities in areas where the disease is prevalent.
Prognosis
Leptospirosis is a serious condition but is manageable with prompt veterinary care. With early treatment,
many dogs recover fully. However, delayed treatment or severe cases can have a poorer outcome and
may result in long-term health issues or even death.
Next Steps
By staying informed and proactive, you can help protect your dog from this potentially dangerous infection.
Regular check-ups with your vet, vaccinations, and awareness of your dog’s environment are all important
steps in safeguarding their health and significantly reduce the likelihood of your dog contracting this
disease.
If you have any concerns or questions about leptospirosis or any other health issues, don’t hesitate to
reach out to your veterinarian. Your dog’s well-being is always worth the extra care and attention.
Dr. Ashley Lauck
West Ridge Animal Hospital Greeley, Colorado
www.wrah.net
